Definition
The Home Rule Movement (1916–18) was a campaign for self-government within the British Empire, led by Bal Gangadhar Tilak and Annie Besant through two separate Home Rule Leagues, which revived nationalist politics during the First World War.
Background and evolution
Nationalist politics had slowed after the Surat split of 1907, the repression of extremist leaders and the Morley–Minto reforms of 1909. With Tilak in Mandalay jail until 1914, the moderates who controlled the Congress were cautious. The First World War changed the mood. Indians were asked to support Britain with soldiers and money, while prices rose and political concessions seemed distant.
Two figures saw an opening. Tilak, released in 1914, wanted to bring the extremists back into the Congress and to push for self-government. Annie Besant, an Irish-born theosophist who had settled in India and led the Theosophical Society from Adyar, wanted a campaign modelled on the Irish Home Rule agitation. When the Congress was slow to act, both set up leagues in 1916, dividing the country between them by agreement to avoid friction: Tilak's league worked in Maharashtra (excluding Bombay city), Karnataka, the Central Provinces and Berar, while Besant's league covered the rest of India.
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