GS1 › Prehistoric and Harappan India

Revision note: Harappan Economy, Religion, Art and Decline

  • Crops: wheat, barley, peas, sesame, cotton (earliest), rice at Lothal/Rangpur; Kalibangan ploughed field; Banawali toy plough
  • Crafts: bronze (lost-wax Dancing Girl), steatite seals (unicorn most common), beads at Chanhudaro & Lothal, binary weights
  • Trade: Meluhha in Mesopotamian texts; Dilmun (Bahrain), Magan (Oman); lapis via Shortughai; barter, no coins
  • Religion: Mother Goddess, Pashupati seal (proto-Shiva), pipal, fire altars (Kalibangan, Lothal); no temples
  • Burials: extended N–S; double burials at Lothal; dog with master at Ropar
  • Decline after 1900 BCE: climate/aridity, river shifts (Ghaggar), floods, trade loss; Wheeler's invasion theory rejected
Revision card summarising Harappan Economy, Religion, Art and Decline
One-page visual summary of the key points to revise.

Source: https://upscprep.in/upsc/gs1/prehistoric-and-harappan-india/harappan-economy-religion-art-and-decline/ · UPSCPrep.in

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