GS2 › Fundamental Rights
Revision note: Article 21 and 21A: Life, Personal Liberty and Education
- Art 21: all persons; non-suspendable (44th Amdt)
- Gopalan 1950 (narrow) → Maneka Gandhi 1978 (just, fair, reasonable; golden triangle 14-19-21)
- ADM Jabalpur 1976 overruled in Puttaswamy 2017 (privacy = FR)
- Read in: dignity, livelihood (Olga Tellis), environment, health, speedy trial, legal aid, shelter, food, die with dignity (Common Cause 2018), climate change (2024)
- Vishaka 1997 → POSH Act 2013
- Art 21A by 86th Amdt 2002: 6–14 years; RTE Act 2009; 25% seats in private unaided schools
Source: https://upscprep.in/upsc/gs2/fundamental-rights/article-21-and-21a-life-personal-liberty-and-education/ · UPSCPrep.in