GS2 › Fundamental Rights
Revision note: Fundamental Rights: Definition of State and the Right to Equality (Articles 12–18)
- Six FRs (property removed by 44th Amdt 1978 → Art 300A)
- Art 12 "State" includes other authorities (Ajay Hasia tests); BCCI not State (Zee 2005)
- Art 13: judicial review; eclipse & severability; Art 13(4) by 24th Amdt
- Art 14: equality before law (UK) + equal protection (US); reasonable classification; anti-arbitrariness
- Art 15(3) women/children; 15(4) 1st Amdt; 15(5) 93rd; 15(6) EWS 103rd
- Art 16(4) backward classes; 16(4A) promotions (77th); Indra Sawhney 50% & creamy layer; SC sub-classification allowed (2024)
- Art 17 untouchability (PCR Act 1955); Art 18 titles – Bharat Ratna not a title
Source: https://upscprep.in/upsc/gs2/fundamental-rights/fundamental-rights-definition-of-state-and-the-right-to-equality-articles-12-18/ · UPSCPrep.in