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Revision note: Indian Diaspora and the Effect of Other Countries' Policies on India's Interests

~3.5 crore overseas Indians; largest diaspora; NRI vs PIO; PIO merged into OCI 2015; no dual citizenship
Waves: indenture 1834–1917 (girmitiyas), kangani, post-1947 West, Gulf from the 1970s
Remittances: largest recipient (~US$125 bn in 2023; ~US$129 bn in 2024)
PBD 9 January (since 2003; L.M. Singhvi Committee 2001); 18th PBD Bhubaneswar 2025
MOIA 2004 merged with MEA 2016; Emigration Act 1983 (ECR); e-Migrate; ICWF; MADAD
Challenges: kafala, Saudisation, H-1B, Khalistan extremism (Canada 2023–24)
Effect of foreign policies: tariffs, CBAM, sanctions, Fed rates, tech controls, OPEC+

Revision card summarising Indian Diaspora and the Effect of Other Countries' Policies on India's Interests — One-page visual summary of the key points to revise.

Source: https://upscprep.in/upsc/gs2/india-and-the-wider-world/indian-diaspora-and-the-effect-of-other-countries-policies-on-indias-interests/ · UPSCPrep.in