GS3 › Ecology and Biodiversity

Revision note: Biodiversity: Levels, Hotspots, Threats and Global Frameworks

  • Levels: genetic, species, ecosystem; alpha, beta, gamma diversity; latitudinal gradient
  • India: 17 megadiverse countries; 2.4% of land, 7–8% of species; 10 biogeographic zones (Deccan the largest)
  • Hotspots (Myers 1988): 1,500 endemic plants + 70% habitat lost; 36 worldwide; India: Himalaya, Indo-Burma, Western Ghats–Sri Lanka, Sundaland (Nicobar)
  • HIPPO; invasives: Lantana, Prosopis, water hyacinth; vultures–diclofenac (banned 2006)
  • IUCN: CR, EN, VU = threatened; Project Cheetah (Kuno, Sept 2022)
  • CBD 1992 (3 objectives); Cartagena 2000; Nagoya 2010; Kunming–Montreal GBF 2022 (23 targets, 30x30); COP16 Cali 2024 (Cali Fund); CITES 1973; CMS 1979 (COP13 Gandhinagar 2020); BBNJ 2023
  • BD Act 2002 (amended 2023): NBA Chennai, SBBs, BMCs & PBRs
Revision card summarising Biodiversity: Levels, Hotspots, Threats and Global Frameworks
One-page visual summary of the key points to revise.

Source: https://upscprep.in/upsc/gs3/ecology-and-biodiversity/biodiversity-levels-hotspots-threats-and-global-frameworks/ · UPSCPrep.in

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