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GS3 › Ecology and Biodiversity

Revision note: Forests, Wetlands, Mangroves and Coral Reefs

  • ISFR 2023: forest cover 21.76%; forest + tree cover 25.17%; MP largest area; Mizoram highest %; NFP 1988 target 33%
  • Laws: IFA 1927; FCA 1980 (amended 2023 as Van Adhiniyam); CAMPA 2016; Godavarman 1996 (dictionary meaning); FRA 2006; Niyamgiri 2013
  • Ramsar 1971 (India 1982); ~91–94 sites (2025); TN the most; Chilika and Keoladeo first; Montreux: Keoladeo, Loktak; Wetland Rules 2017
  • Mangroves ~4,992 sq km; Sundarbans ~40%; MISHTI 2023; Bhitarkanika crocodiles
  • Corals: zooxanthellae; fringing/barrier/atoll; Gulf of Mannar, Kutch, Lakshadweep, A&N; 4th global bleaching 2023–25; Dugong Reserve Palk Bay 2022
Revision card summarising Forests, Wetlands, Mangroves and Coral Reefs
One-page visual summary of the key points to revise.

Source: https://upscprep.in/upsc/gs3/ecology-and-biodiversity/forests-wetlands-mangroves-and-coral-reefs/ · UPSCPrep.in

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