GS3 › Pollution and Environmental Governance

Revision note: Environmental Impact Assessment and Environmental Governance

  • EIA: EPA 1986 → EIA Notification 1994 → 2006; Category A (EAC, Centre), B1/B2 (SEIAA); screening, scoping, public hearing, appraisal; draft 2020 not finalised
  • Vanashakti (May 2025): ex-post facto ECs illegal; recalled on review late 2025
  • CRZ 2019 (Shailesh Nayak): CRZ-I to IV; NDZ 50 m in dense rural areas
  • CPCB 1974; NGT Act 2010 (Delhi + Bhopal, Pune, Kolkata, Chennai; 6-month target; appeal to SC; suo motu upheld 2021)
  • Principles: polluter pays (Bichhri 1996), precautionary (Vellore 1996), public trust (Kamal Nath 1997), absolute liability (oleum 1987)
  • Bhopal 1984 (MIC) → EPA 1986; Montreal 1987, Kigali 2016 (HFCs; India 2028); Stockholm 1972 (UNEP Nairobi); Minamata 2013
Revision card summarising Environmental Impact Assessment and Environmental Governance
One-page visual summary of the key points to revise.

Source: https://upscprep.in/upsc/gs3/pollution-and-environmental-governance/environmental-impact-assessment-and-environmental-governance/ · UPSCPrep.in

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