Definition
The Line of Actual Control (LAC) is the de facto line separating areas controlled by India and China along their disputed border. It is not agreed or marked on the ground, which leads to differing perceptions and periodic face-offs.
Background and evolution
The India–China boundary was never formally delimited by treaty. In the west, India bases its claim on the traditional boundary that places Aksai Chin within Ladakh; China controls Aksai Chin, through which it built a road linking Xinjiang and Tibet in the 1950s. In the east, India follows the McMahon Line, agreed at the Simla Conference of 1914 between British India and Tibet, which China rejects. China claims Arunachal Pradesh as "South Tibet."
Zhou Enlai first used the phrase "line of actual control" in letters to Nehru in 1959. After the 1962 war, China withdrew in the east but kept Aksai Chin. Over the following decades the two sides patrolled up to their own perceptions of the line. The 1993 Agreement on Maintaining Peace and Tranquillity, signed during PM Narasimha Rao's visit, committed both sides to respect the LAC pending a final settlement, and the 1996 agreement set out confidence-building measures, including limits on troops and a ban on the use of firearms near the line.
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