The Quad, or Quadrilateral Security Dialogue, is a diplomatic partnership of Australia, India, Japan and the United States that works for a "free, open and inclusive" Indo-Pacific through cooperation on maritime security, health, critical technologies, infrastructure, climate and disaster response.
When the 2004 tsunami struck countries around the Indian Ocean, the navies of India, the United States, Japan and Australia coordinated relief efforts, showing the value of cooperation among maritime democracies. In 2007, Japanese Prime Minister Shinzo Abe, who spoke of the "confluence of the two seas" in a speech to India's Parliament, promoted a quadrilateral dialogue. The first meeting took place in Manila in May 2007, and the Malabar naval exercise that year included all four countries and Singapore.
China protested, seeing the grouping as a step towards containment. Australia under Prime Minister Kevin Rudd withdrew in 2008, and the Quad became dormant. A decade later, growing concerns about China's assertiveness in the South China Sea, its expanding naval presence in the Indian Ocean and the Belt and Road Initiative led the four to revive the Quad in 2017 at the officials' level. It was upgraded to foreign ministers in 2019 and to leaders in 2021.
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