The National Rural Livelihood Mission (now Deendayal Antyodaya Yojana–NRLM), launched in 2011 by the Ministry of Rural Development, organises poor rural women into self-help groups (SHGs) and their federations to give them access to savings, credit, skills and markets, with the aim of lifting households out of poverty.
Kerala's Kudumbashree, started in 1998, and Andhra Pradesh's Society for Elimination of Rural Poverty were especially influential. Both showed that federations of women's groups could manage large funds, negotiate with banks and government departments, and deliver services. The NRLM design borrowed their stress on community professionals, known as 'community resource persons', who are experienced SHG members trained to help start new groups in other villages.
India's earlier anti-poverty programmes focused on giving individual poor households subsidised loans and assets. The Integrated Rural Development Programme of the 1980s and the SGSY that replaced it in 1999 both struggled: loans were often misused or not repaid, and assets were not linked to markets. At the same time, experiments in Andhra Pradesh, Kerala (Kudumbashree) and elsewhere showed that when poor women were organised into savings groups and federations, they could build trust, savings and creditworthiness and bargain collectively.
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