Definition
Rabindranath Tagore (1861–1941) was a Bengali poet, novelist, composer, painter and educator who became the first non-European Nobel laureate in Literature in 1913 and wrote the national anthems of India and Bangladesh.
Background and evolution
Tagore was the youngest son of Debendranath Tagore, a leader of the Brahmo Samaj, in a family that was at the centre of the Bengal Renaissance. He was largely educated at home, and his brief stay in England in the late 1870s to study law ended without a degree. He began writing very young, and by the end of the nineteenth century he had produced poetry, short stories, plays and songs that transformed Bengali literature. Managing the family estates in rural East Bengal in the 1890s brought him into close contact with village life, which fed into his short stories and his later work on rural reconstruction.
His public profile grew with the Swadeshi movement against the 1905 partition of Bengal by Lord Curzon. He composed patriotic songs, including Amar Shonar Bangla, and introduced the Raksha Bandhan ceremony as a symbol of unity between Hindus and Muslims. As the movement turned violent and narrow, however, he withdrew, and his novel Ghare Baire (The Home and the World) reflects his doubts about nationalism that ignored human values.
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