GS1 › Post-Independence Consolidation

Revision note: Challenges to Unity and Democracy: Wars, Movements and the Emergency (1947–1990)

  • 1951–52 first elections (Sukumar Sen); 1957 Kerala Communist govt, dismissed 1959 (Art 356); 1967 end of Congress dominance
  • NAM Belgrade 1961; Panchsheel 1954; China war Oct–Nov 1962; 1965 war → Tashkent 1966 ("Jai Jawan Jai Kisan")
  • 1971: Indo-Soviet Treaty Aug; surrender 16 Dec; Simla Agreement 1972 → LoC; Pokhran 1974
  • Nagaland 1963; Mizo Accord 1986; Assam Accord 1985 (25 Mar 1971 cut-off); Operation Blue Star June 1984; Rajiv–Longowal 1985
  • Emergency 25 June 1975 (Art 352, internal disturbance); ADM Jabalpur 1976; 42nd Amdt; Janata 1977; 44th Amdt 1978 ("armed rebellion")
Revision card summarising Challenges to Unity and Democracy: Wars, Movements and the Emergency (1947–1990)
One-page visual summary of the key points to revise.

Source: https://upscprep.in/upsc/gs1/post-independence-consolidation/challenges-to-unity-and-democracy-wars-movements-and-the-emergency-1947-1990/ · UPSCPrep.in

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