Definition
Shared, interoperable digital systems, such as identity, payments and data-sharing platforms, built for public benefit on open standards, on which governments and private firms can build services at population scale.
Background and evolution
Roads, ports and electricity grids are physical public infrastructure: they are built once and used by everyone, enabling countless private activities. DPI applies the same idea to the digital world. Instead of every bank, hospital or department building its own isolated system, a common set of "rails" is created, such as a unique digital ID, a real-time payment network and a consent-based data-sharing system, and anyone can build services on top of them.
India became the best-known example. Aadhaar (from 2010) provided digital identity; the Unified Payments Interface (UPI), launched in 2016 by the National Payments Corporation of India, enabled instant bank-to-bank payments through mobile apps; DigiLocker stored verified documents; and the Account Aggregator framework (licensed by the RBI) allowed people to share financial data with consent. This collection is often called "India Stack". During India's G20 presidency in 2023, DPI became a key theme, and the leaders' declaration recognised it as a driver of inclusive development.
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