Definition
The Krishna is the second-longest east-flowing river of peninsular India, about 1,400 km long, rising near Mahabaleshwar in the Western Ghats of Maharashtra and crossing Karnataka, Telangana and Andhra Pradesh before entering the Bay of Bengal through a fertile delta.
Background and evolution
The Krishna drains a large part of the Deccan. Its source lies in the Sahyadri hills near Mahabaleshwar, a high-rainfall hill station, from where it flows east across the gently tilted plateau. The river passes through the Sangli and Kolhapur plains of Maharashtra, enters Karnataka where the Almatti dam stores its water, and then flows into Telangana and Andhra Pradesh. Along this route it receives the Koyna, Warna, Panchganga, Ghataprabha, Malaprabha, Bhima, Tungabhadra, Musi and Dindi. The Bhima drains much of central Maharashtra, and the Tungabhadra, formed by the Tunga and Bhadra rivers from the Karnataka Ghats, is its largest southern tributary.
Downstream, the Krishna cuts a deep gorge through the Nallamala hills of the Eastern Ghats, where the Srisailam dam stands. The Nagarjuna Sagar dam, one of the largest masonry dams in the world, built in the 1950s and 1960s, irrigates large parts of Telangana and Andhra Pradesh. Below Vijayawada, where the Prakasam barrage diverts water into canals, the river spreads into a delta shared with the Godavari, forming one of India's main rice bowls. Historic sites such as Amaravati, an early Buddhist centre, and Nagarjunakonda lie along its banks.
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