History

Ramakrishna Mission

Also: Ramakrishna Math and Mission, Belur Math

Definition
The Ramakrishna Mission is a spiritual and philanthropic organisation founded by Swami Vivekananda on 1 May 1897 in Calcutta, in the name of his teacher Sri Ramakrishna, which combines Vedantic teaching with service in education, health and disaster relief; its headquarters is at Belur Math near Kolkata.
Deep-dive lesson: Socio-Religious Reform I: Brahmo Samaj, Arya Samaj, Prarthana Samaj, Ramakrishna Mission and Theosophy. This page is a quick reference that connects the term across subjects; read the lesson for the full treatment.
Summary card: Ramakrishna Mission. Founded: 1 May 1897, Calcutta, by Swami Vivekananda. Headquarters: Belur Math, Howrah district, West Bengal (consecrated 1898). Motto: Atmano mokshartham jagad hitaya cha ("for one's own liberation and for the welfare of the world"). Twin bodies: Ramakrishna Math (monastic order) and Ramakrishna Mission (registered society, 1909). Received the Gandhi Peace Prize (1998)
Summary card © UPSCPrep.in

Background and evolution

Sri Ramakrishna Paramahamsa (1836–1886), a priest at the Kali temple at Dakshineswar, taught through his own spiritual experiences that all religions lead to the same truth. He practised paths from Tantra and Vaishnava devotion to Advaita, and also Islamic and Christian forms of worship, and declared "Jato mat, tato path" (as many faiths, so many paths). He attracted young disciples, among them Narendranath Datta, who became Swami Vivekananda.

After Ramakrishna's death in 1886, his young disciples formed a monastic brotherhood at Baranagar. Vivekananda travelled across India and then to the West, where his addresses at the Chicago Parliament of Religions in 1893 brought him fame. On his return in 1897 he called a meeting of monks and lay followers in Calcutta and founded the Ramakrishna Mission Association to organise service and preaching. The monastery moved to Belur on the west bank of the Ganga in 1898.

Black-and-white photograph of Ramakrishna seated cross-legged
Ramakrishna (1836–1886), in a photograph taken in Calcutta. His disciple Swami Vivekananda founded the Ramakrishna Mission in 1897. Photo: Abinash Chandra Dna, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.

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Last reviewed: 23 October 2026 · Original UPSCPrep.in content.