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India and the Major Powers – UPSC GS2

This module of the GS Paper 2: Polity, Governance, Social Justice & IR course covers relations with the united states, russia, the eu and uk, japan and the indo-pacific. It has 4 study lessons and a 32-question practice quiz. Free lessons can be read in full; premium lessons show a preview.

Lessons in this module

1. India–United States Relations: From Estrangement to Strategic Partnership

Free 7 min

Cold War estrangement (1947–1991). India's non-alignment and the US alliance with Pakistan (SEATO 1954, CENTO 1955) kept relations cool, despite US food aid under PL-480 and support during the 1962 war. The low point came…

2. India–Russia Relations: Time-tested Partnership in a Changing World

Premium 7 min

The Soviet Union supported India's industrialisation through the Bhilai (1959) and Bokaro steel plants, heavy machinery, oil exploration (ONGC) and pharmaceuticals. In the UN Security Council it vetoed resolutions on Kashmir that were unfavourable to…

3. India and Europe: European Union, France, United Kingdom and Germany

Premium 7 min

The European Union (27 members) is one of India's largest trading partners in goods and a major source of FDI, technology and standards. Europe has become more interested in the Indo-Pacific because of China's rise…

4. India, Japan, Australia, ASEAN and the Indo-Pacific

Premium 7 min

The term "Indo-Pacific" treats the Indian and Pacific Oceans as a single strategic space. Japanese PM Shinzo Abe popularised it in his "Confluence of the Two Seas" speech to the Indian Parliament in 2007. India's…

Module quiz: India and the Major Powers (32 questions)

Maps & infographics in this module

Timeline of India-US relations from 1971 to 2022
Relations transformed after 2000, with the nuclear deal as the turning point.
Four cards describing GSOMIA, LEMOA, COMCASA and BECA with their years and purposes
Together these agreements enable interoperability between the two militaries.
Map showing the International North-South Transport Corridor from Mumbai via Bandar Abbas and the Caspian to Moscow, and the maritime corridor from Chennai to Vladivostok
INSTC shortens transit time compared with the Suez route; the eastern corridor links India to the Russian Far East. Arrows are schematic.
Six cards summarising defence, nuclear, energy, space, connectivity and multilateral cooperation between India and Russia
Defence and energy remain the heaviest pillars of the partnership.
Map of Europe highlighting France, Germany, the United Kingdom, EFTA countries and selected EU members with a legend of India's agreements
Agreements with the UK and EFTA, and the EU FTA negotiations, deepen India's economic links with Europe. Selected EU members shown.
Timeline of India-Europe relations from 1962 to 2025
Trade agreements with Europe gathered pace after 2022.

Frequently asked questions

Lessons: India–United States Relations: From Estrangement to Strategic Partnership; India–Russia Relations: Time-tested Partnership in a Changing World; India and Europe: European Union, France, United Kingdom and Germany; India, Japan, Australia, ASEAN and the Indo-Pacific.

Answer: civil nuclear cooperation. 2008.

Answer: BECA. 2020.

Answer: 2016. 2016.

Answer: USA. Army exercise.

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