Definition
The Champaran Satyagraha of 1917 in Bihar was Gandhi's first satyagraha in India, taken up on behalf of peasants forced by European planters to grow indigo under the tinkathia system; it led to the Champaran Agrarian Act of 1918.
Background and evolution
Indigo, valued as a blue dye for textiles, was grown in north Bihar on a large scale by European planters from the nineteenth century. In Champaran, planters held land on long leases from zamindars, especially the Bettiah Raj, and forced tenants to cultivate indigo on part of their holdings under the tinkathia system, three kathas in every twenty (one bigha). Prices paid were low and the work was compulsory.
When synthetic dyes from Germany made natural indigo less profitable in the early twentieth century, planters tried to shift losses onto peasants. They demanded higher rents (sharahbeshi) or lump-sum payments (tawan) to release tenants from indigo obligations, and imposed illegal levies called abwabs. Peasant protests had occurred earlier, including in 1907–08, but without lasting results. At the Lucknow Congress of 1916, Raj Kumar Shukla persuaded a reluctant Gandhi, recently returned from South Africa, to come and see the conditions for himself.
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