Also: Non-Cooperation and Khilafat Movement (1920–22)
Definition
The Non-Cooperation Movement (1920–22) was the first nationwide mass movement led by Gandhi, combined with the Khilafat agitation, in which Indians were asked to withdraw cooperation from British institutions; it was called off after the Chauri Chaura violence in February 1922.
Three grievances came together in 1919–20. The Rowlatt Act of 1919 allowed detention without trial and provoked a nationwide hartal. In Amritsar, the Jallianwala Bagh massacre of April 1919 and the martial law that followed outraged Indian opinion, and the Hunter Committee's mild findings and the praise for General Dyer in Britain deepened the anger. Meanwhile, Indian Muslims were alarmed by the harsh peace terms imposed on the Ottoman Empire after the First World War, since the Ottoman Sultan was regarded as the Khalifa.
Gandhi saw in this moment a chance to unite Hindus and Muslims in a common struggle. The Khilafat Committee adopted non-cooperation in mid-1920, and the Congress, after debate and some opposition from older leaders such as C. R. Das at first, accepted the programme at its Calcutta and Nagpur sessions. At Nagpur the Congress also changed its constitution: it set up provincial committees on linguistic lines, created a Working Committee and lowered membership fees to make it a mass party.
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