Definition
The agreement of 5 March 1931 between Mahatma Gandhi and the Viceroy Lord Irwin, under which the Congress suspended the Civil Disobedience Movement and agreed to attend the Second Round Table Conference in return for the release of political prisoners and other concessions.
Background and evolution
The Civil Disobedience Movement began with Gandhi's Salt March from Sabarmati to Dandi in March–April 1930. Salt was a clever choice: it touched every household and made the colonial tax visible. The movement spread quickly through boycotts of foreign cloth, non-payment of taxes, forest satyagrahas and picketing of liquor shops, and the government responded with mass arrests. By the end of 1930 tens of thousands were in jail, including most of the Congress leadership.
Meanwhile the British held the First Round Table Conference in London (November 1930 to January 1931), but without the Congress any constitutional settlement looked hollow. The Liberal leaders Tej Bahadur Sapru and M. R. Jayakar worked as go-betweens, and Gandhi and other leaders were released in January 1931. After several rounds of talks, Gandhi and Irwin signed the agreement on 5 March 1931. It was the first time a Viceroy had negotiated with a nationalist leader as an equal party, which in itself was a political gain for the Congress.
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