Physical Geography in Depth – UPSC GS1

Mountains, earthquakes, volcanoes, ocean basins and even the location of minerals are all explained by what happens deep inside the Earth. Nobody has drilled beyond about 12 kilometres (the Kola Superdeep Borehole in Russia), yet…

The Earth's surface is constantly being built up and worn down. Endogenic forces, which come from inside the Earth, raise mountains, create plateaus and cause earthquakes and volcanoes. Exogenic forces, driven by the Sun's energy…

The atmosphere is a thin envelope of gases held by gravity. It protects life from harmful radiation and meteors, keeps the Earth warm through the greenhouse effect, and moves heat and moisture around the planet…

Weather depends on how much moisture the air holds, how air masses with different properties meet, and how these patterns repeat over the year to form climate. This lesson covers humidity, condensation and precipitation, air…

Oceans cover about 71 per cent of the Earth's surface and hold about 97 per cent of its water. They store and move heat, drive the monsoon and cyclones, absorb about a quarter of human…